As a quick overview, I see in myself these (including but not limited to):
- Learning mechanics stage. The player figures out how inserters/belts/power/assembling machines work.
Goal: make a factory. - Learning strategies and principles stage. The player figures out how to do things well. They design smelting, circuits and other "blueprints". They learn to not make sushi and to use more than one of each machine
Goal: make a factory that you can leave alone without things breaking - Intermediate stage. The player advances to the later sciences and learns how to use fluids/make expandable designs. They likely use trains for the first time. The player unlocks robots
Goal: progress through technology - The "beat the game" stage: the player "knows how to play", and tries to launch a rocket/get some achievements. The player might learn ratios or use calculators here if someone else didn't spoil things for them earlier.
Goal: beat the game - The "get good" stage: the player learns how to play well. They can set up red and green science quickly and have some blueprints that allow them to expand quickly.
Goal: gain skill - The "set your own goal" stage. Some players may stop playing here, others might play overhaul mods. Some look into large megabases, while others might develop their blueprint library. I find that I like the optimization puzzle of Factorio the most fun, so I like to design blueprints.
Goal: have fun - The workflow optimization stage: players here try to speedrun the game, or may create blueprints to make construction faster and less involved. They may create mods to make the game more fun for themselves.
Goal: make the game more fun to play